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Modern sources on the Slavic languages normally describe the Polish language as consisting of four major dialect groups, each primarily associated with a certain geographical region, and often further subdivided into subdialectal groups (called ''gwara'' or ''region'' in Polish):〔Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). ''The Slavic Languages''. Cambridge University Press. P. 530.〕〔Robert A. Rothstein (1994). "Polish". ''The Slavonic Languages'', edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 754-756.〕 * Greater Polish, spoken in the west * Lesser Polish, spoken in the south and southeast * Masovian, spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country * Silesian, spoken in the southwest (also considered a separate language, see comment below) The regional differences correspond mainly to old ethnic or tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago. As a result of expulsions and other displacements of Poles during and after World War II, as well as language policy in the People's Republic of Poland, the Polish language became far more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century. Polish linguistic tradition includes three more dialect groups, for a total of seven: *Kashubian, spoken in an elongated band of territory in the Pomorze region west of Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea; now usually considered a separate language *Northern Kresy, spoken along the border between Lithuania and Belarus *Southern Kresy, spoken in isolated pockets in Ukraine This traditional division is still cited, especially in Polish sources. Current linguistic consensus, however, tends to consider Kashubian to be a separate language,〔Gerald Stone (1994). "Cassubian". ''The Slavonic Languages'', edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 759-794.〕 or at least as a Slavic variety that cannot be grouped at the same level as the four major modern Polish dialects.〔Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). ''The Slavic Languages''. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 531–532.〕 Prior to World War II, Kashubian speakers were surrounded on both sides by German speakers, with only a narrow border to the south with Polish speakers. Kashubian contains a number of features not found in Polish dialects, e.g. nine distinct oral vowels (vs. the five of standard Polish) and (in the northern dialects) phonemic word stress, an archaic feature preserved from Common Slavic times and not found anywhere else among the West Slavic languages. The two Kresy dialects are spoken in the Kresy, the former eastern Polish territory annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and currently forming part of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Both dialect groups have been in decline since World War II as a result of Soviet expulsions of millions of Poles from the Kresy. Poles living in Lithuania (particularly in the Vilnius region), in Belarus (particularly the northwest), and in the northeast of Poland continue to speak a Northern Kresy dialect, which sounds "slushed" (in Polish described as ''zaciąganie z ruska'', 'speaking with a Russian drawl'), and is easily distinguishable. The majority of Poles expelled from the Kresy were settled in newly annexed regions in northern and western Poland, adopting so-called ''new mixed dialects''. However, among the older generation is still found a type of Kresy dialect which resembles Ukrainian or Rusyn in some ways, especially in the "longer" pronunciation of vowels. Many linguistic sources about the Slavic languages describe Silesian as a dialect of Polish.〔〔 However, many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating for the recognition of a Silesian language. According to the last official census in Poland in 2011, above 0.5 million people declared Silesian as their native language. Many sociolinguistic sources (e.g. by Tomasz Kamusella,〔"''Silesia and Central European Nationalisms''", 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press ISBN 978 1 55753 371 5〕 Agnieszka Pianka, Alfred F. Majewicz,〔(świata i ich klasyfikowanie''" ) (en: "''Languages of the world and their classification''"), Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa 1989〕 Tomasz Wicherkiewicz〔["''Ekspertyza naukowa dr Tomasza Wicherkiewicza''", Language Policy and the Laboratory for Research on Minority, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 2008〕) assume that whether something is considered to be a language or a dialect ultimately is a matter of extralinguistic criteria, such as the sentiment of its users or political motivations, and thus changes over time. Also, language organizations like SIL International〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ISO documentation of Silesian language )〕 and various linguistic resources like Ethnologue,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=List of languages with ISO codes )〕 and others, like Poland's Ministry of Administration and Digitization,〔[http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20120000309 Dz.U. 2012 nr 0 poz. 309] - Internet System of Legal Acts〕 recognize the Silesian language. In 2007, Silesian was assigned the language code szl within the ISO 639-3 standard. ==List of dialects== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dialects of Polish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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